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Physlib.QuantumMechanics.DDimensions.SpaceDHilbertSpace.PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule

Polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodules

i. Overview

In this module we define polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodules of `SpaceDHilbertSpace`.

For each `a : ℕ∞`, `polyBddSchwartzSubmodule d a` is the submodule corresponding to Schwartz maps `f` satisfying the polynomial growth bounds `‖x‖ ^ (-k) * ‖f x‖ ≤ Cₖ` for all `(k : ℕ) ≤ a`. In particular, for `a = ⊤` such a bound holds for all natural numbers.

These serve as a natural domain for singular unbounded operators. For example, the `1/r` Coulomb potential operator maps `polyBddSchwartzSubmodule d ⊤` to itself. In the same way that multiplying a Schwartz map by any polynomial in the coordinates results in a square-integrable function, polynomially-bounded Schwartz maps may be multiplied by Laurent polynomials and remain square-integrable (the precise condition depends on `d`, `a` and the negative degree of the Laurent polynomial).

Note: the condition defining polynomially-bounded Schwartz maps is phrased as `‖x‖ ^ (-k) * ‖f x‖ ≤ Cₖ` rather than as `‖f x‖ ≤ Cₖ * ‖x‖ ^ k` to mirror `SchwartzMap.decay`. These two conditions only differ at `x = 0` and are therefore equivalent for `d > 0` since then `f 0` may be determined by continuity. For `d = 0` the former does not constrain `f 0 = 0` (since `x = 0` is the only point and `0⁻¹ = 0`) while the latter does (and would therefore spoil their being dense in `SpaceDHilbertSpace 0 ≅ ℂ`).

ii. Key results

- `polyBddSchwartzSubmodule d (a : ℕ∞)`: Restriction of `schwartzSubmodule d` to those Schwartz maps which are bounded by powers of `‖x‖`. - `PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule.dense d a`: These submodules are dense in `SpaceDHilbertSpace`.

iii. Table of contents

  • A. Definitions
  • B. Coercions
  • C. (In)equalities
  • D. Density

iv. References

A. Definitions

B. Coercions

C. (In)equalities

D. Density

17 declarations

definition

C\mathbb{C}-submodule of Schwartz maps ff satisfying xkf(x)C\|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C for kak \le a

For a given dimension dd and an extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, the space of polynomially bounded Schwartz maps is defined as the C\mathbb{C}-submodule of the Schwartz space S(Rd,C)\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}) (denoted in Lean as `𝓢(Space d, ℂ)`) consisting of functions ff that satisfy specific growth conditions. A Schwartz function ff belongs to this submodule if for every natural number kk such that kak \le a, there exists a constant C>0C > 0 such that for all xRdx \in \mathbb{R}^d: xkf(x)C, \|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C, where \| \cdot \| denotes the Euclidean norm on Rd\mathbb{R}^d. This condition ensures that the function ff grows no faster than xk\|x\|^k for all kak \le a.

definition

Continuous linear inclusion PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)L2(Rd,C)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) \to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C})

For a dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and an extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, the map ι:PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)L2(Rd,C)\iota: \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) \to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}) is the continuous linear inclusion of the submodule of polynomially bounded Schwartz maps into the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions. This map is obtained by restricting the domain of the canonical inclusion from the Schwartz space S(Rd,C)\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}) to L2(Rd,C)L^2(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}) to the submodule defined by the growth condition xkf(x)Ck\|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C_k for all kak \le a.

abbrev

Polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule of L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C})

For a given dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and an extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule is the C\mathbb{C}-submodule of the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) defined as the image (range) of the space of polynomially bounded Schwartz maps PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) under the canonical inclusion into L2L^2. This submodule consists of Schwartz functions fS(Space d,C)f \in \mathcal{S}(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) such that for every natural number kak \le a, there exists a constant Ck>0C_k > 0 satisfying xkf(x)Ck\|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C_k for all xSpace dx \in \text{Space } d.

theorem

The inclusion PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)L2(Space d,C)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) \to L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) is injective

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and any extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, the continuous linear inclusion map ι:PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)L2(Space d,C)\iota: \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) \to L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) is injective.

definition

Linear equivalence PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)CPolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) \simeq_{\mathbb{C}} \text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a)

For a dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and an extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, there is a linear equivalence over C\mathbb{C} between the space of polynomially bounded Schwartz maps PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) and the corresponding submodule PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a) of the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}). This equivalence is established by restricting the codomain of the injective linear inclusion ι:PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)L2(Space d,C)\iota: \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) \to L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) to its range.

instance

Inclusion from PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) to S(Rd,C)\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C})

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and any extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, there is a natural inclusion mapping each polynomially bounded Schwartz function fPolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)f \in \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) to its corresponding element in the full Schwartz space S(Rd,C)\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}).

instance

Coercion of fPolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)f \in \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) to a function f:RdCf: \mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{C}

For a dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and an extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, an element ff in the C\mathbb{C}-submodule of polynomially bounded Schwartz maps, PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a), can be treated as a function from Rd\mathbb{R}^d to C\mathbb{C}. This coercion maps the element ff to its underlying function xf(x)x \mapsto f(x), allowing it to be evaluated at any point xRdx \in \mathbb{R}^d.

theorem

Evaluation of a Polynomially Bounded Schwartz Map equals its Underlying Function Evaluation

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and any extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, let ff be a polynomially bounded Schwartz map in the submodule PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a). For any point xRdx \in \mathbb{R}^d, the value of the underlying function of ff evaluated at xx is equal to the value of the Schwartz map ff evaluated at xx.

theorem

Consistency of inverse linear equivalences polyBddSchwartzEquiv1(ψ)=schwartzEquiv1(ψ)\text{polyBddSchwartzEquiv}^{-1}(\psi) = \text{schwartzEquiv}^{-1}(\psi)

For a dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and an extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, let ψ\psi be an element of the Schwartz submodule SchwartzSubmodule(d)\text{SchwartzSubmodule}(d) of the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}). If ψ\psi is contained in the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a), then the Schwartz function fS(Space d,C)f \in \mathcal{S}(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) obtained by applying the inverse of the linear equivalence polyBddSchwartzEquiv\text{polyBddSchwartzEquiv} to ψ\psi is equal to the Schwartz function obtained by applying the inverse of the general linear equivalence schwartzEquiv\text{schwartzEquiv} to ψ\psi.

theorem

polyBddSchwartzEquiv(f)=f\text{polyBddSchwartzEquiv}(f) = f almost everywhere

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, let ff be a polynomially bounded Schwartz map in PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a). The image of ff under the linear equivalence polyBddSchwartzEquiv\text{polyBddSchwartzEquiv} is equal to the underlying function ff almost everywhere with respect to the Lebesgue volume measure.

theorem

PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,0)=\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, 0) = \top

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N}, the space of polynomially bounded Schwartz maps with growth parameter a=0a = 0, denoted as PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,0)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, 0), is equal to the entire space of Schwartz functions S(Rd,C)\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}).

theorem

ab    PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,b)PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)a \le b \implies \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, b) \subseteq \text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a)

Let dd be a natural number and let a,bN{}a, b \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\} be extended natural numbers. If aba \le b, then the C\mathbb{C}-submodule of Schwartz maps PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,b)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, b) is contained within the submodule PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a). Here, PolyBddSchwartzMap(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzMap}(d, a) is defined as the set of Schwartz functions fS(Rd,C)f \in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d, \mathbb{C}) such that for every natural number kak \le a, there exists a constant C>0C > 0 such that xkf(x)C\|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C for all xRdx \in \mathbb{R}^d.

theorem

PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,0)=SchwartzSubmodule(d)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, 0) = \text{SchwartzSubmodule}(d)

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N}, the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule with growth parameter a=0a = 0, denoted as PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,0)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, 0), is equal to the submodule of all Schwartz functions SchwartzSubmodule(d)\text{SchwartzSubmodule}(d) within the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}).

theorem

PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)SchwartzSubmodule(d)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a) \subseteq \text{SchwartzSubmodule}(d)

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and any extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a) of the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) is a submodule of (and thus contained within) the Schwartz submodule SchwartzSubmodule(d)\text{SchwartzSubmodule}(d).

theorem

ab    PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,b)PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)a \le b \implies \text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, b) \subseteq \text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a)

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and extended natural numbers a,bN{}a, b \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, if aba \le b, then the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule of the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) associated with bb is contained within the submodule associated with aa, i.e., PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,b)PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,a)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, b) \subseteq \text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, a).

theorem

PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, \infty) is dense in L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C})

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N}, the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule(d,)\text{PolyBddSchwartzSubmodule}(d, \infty) is dense in the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}). This submodule consists of the Schwartz functions fS(Space d,C)f \in \mathcal{S}(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}) such that for every natural number kk, there exists a constant Ck>0C_k > 0 satisfying xkf(x)Ck\|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C_k for all xSpace dx \in \text{Space } d.

theorem

Density of the Polynomially-Bounded Schwartz Submodule in L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C})

For any dimension dNd \in \mathbb{N} and any extended natural number aN{}a \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, the polynomially-bounded Schwartz submodule is dense in the Hilbert space L2(Space d,C)L^2(\text{Space } d, \mathbb{C}). This submodule consists of all Schwartz functions f:Space dCf: \text{Space } d \to \mathbb{C} such that for every natural number kak \le a, there exists a constant Ck>0C_k > 0 satisfying xkf(x)Ck\|x\|^{-k} \|f(x)\| \le C_k for all xSpace dx \in \text{Space } d, where Space d\text{Space } d is a dd-dimensional real inner product space.