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Physlib.QFT.PerturbationTheory.FieldOpFreeAlgebra.NormalOrder

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definition

Normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f on FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F}

#normalOrderF

For a field specification F\mathcal{F}, the normal ordering Nf\mathcal{N}^f is the C\mathbb{C}-linear map from the free algebra of field operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F} to itself: Nf:FieldOpFreeAlgebra FFieldOpFreeAlgebra F\mathcal{N}^f : \text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F} \to \text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F} The map is uniquely defined by its action on the basis consisting of products of creation and annihilation operators. For any list of operators ϕs=[ϕ1,ϕ2,,ϕn]\phi_s = [\phi_1, \phi_2, \dots, \phi_n], the normal ordering of their product is given by: Nf(ϕ1ϕ2ϕn)=η(ϕs)(ϕσ(1)ϕσ(2)ϕσ(n))\mathcal{N}^f(\phi_1 \phi_2 \dots \phi_n) = \eta(\phi_s) \cdot (\phi_{\sigma(1)} \phi_{\sigma(2)} \dots \phi_{\sigma(n)}) where the resulting product (ϕσ(1)ϕσ(n))(\phi_{\sigma(1)} \dots \phi_{\sigma(n)}) is the normal-ordered arrangement of the original list (where all creation operators are placed to the left of all annihilation operators), and η(ϕs){1,1}\eta(\phi_s) \in \{1, -1\} is the phase factor (sign) associated with the permutations of fermionic operators required to achieve this ordering.

definition

Notation for normal ordering Nf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(a)

#term𝓝ᶠ(_)

The notation Nf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(a) represents the normal ordering of an element aa in the free algebra of field operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F}. It is defined as the application of the linear map normalOrderF\text{normalOrderF} to the element aa.

theorem

Action of Nf\mathcal{N}^f on a product of creation and annihilation operators

#normalOrderF_ofCrAnListF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and ϕs=[ϕ1,ϕ2,,ϕn]\phi_s = [\phi_1, \phi_2, \dots, \phi_n] be a list of creation and annihilation operators (elements of F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}). In the free algebra of field operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f applied to the product of these operators is given by: Nf(ϕ1ϕ2ϕn)=η(ϕs)(ϕσ(1)ϕσ(2)ϕσ(n))\mathcal{N}^f(\phi_1 \phi_2 \dots \phi_n) = \eta(\phi_s) \cdot (\phi_{\sigma(1)} \phi_{\sigma(2)} \dots \phi_{\sigma(n)}) where (ϕσ(1)ϕσ(2)ϕσ(n))(\phi_{\sigma(1)} \phi_{\sigma(2)} \dots \phi_{\sigma(n)}) is the product of the operators rearranged according to the normal ordering relation (where all creation operators are positioned to the left of all annihilation operators), and η(ϕs){1,1}\eta(\phi_s) \in \{1, -1\} is the phase factor associated with the permutations of fermionic operators required to achieve this ordering.

theorem

ofCrAnListF(normalOrderList ϕs)=η(ϕs)Nf(ofCrAnListF ϕs)\text{ofCrAnListF}(\text{normalOrderList } \phi_s) = \eta(\phi_s) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\text{ofCrAnListF } \phi_s)

#ofCrAnListF_eq_normalOrderF

For a given field specification F\mathcal{F} and a list of creation and annihilation operators ϕs=[ϕ1,ϕ2,,ϕn]\phi_s = [\phi_1, \phi_2, \dots, \phi_n], let normalOrderList(ϕs)\text{normalOrderList}(\phi_s) be the list rearranged into normal order (where all creation operators precede all annihilation operators). Let η(ϕs){1,1}\eta(\phi_s) \in \{1, -1\} be the normal ordering sign (the phase factor arising from permutations of fermionic operators) and Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the linear normal ordering operator on the free algebra of field operators. The product of the operators in their normal-ordered arrangement is equal to the product of the phase factor and the normal ordering operator applied to the original product: ofCrAnListF(normalOrderList(ϕs))=η(ϕs)Nf(ϕ1ϕ2ϕn)\text{ofCrAnListF}(\text{normalOrderList}(\phi_s)) = \eta(\phi_s) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\phi_1 \phi_2 \dots \phi_n)

theorem

Nf(1)=1\mathcal{N}^f(1) = 1

#normalOrderF_one

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. In the free algebra of field operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f maps the identity element 11 to itself: Nf(1)=1\mathcal{N}^f(1) = 1

theorem

Nf(abc)=Nf(aNf(b)c)\mathcal{N}^f(abc) = \mathcal{N}^f(a\mathcal{N}^f(b)c)

#normalOrderF_normalOrderF_mid

In the free algebra of creation and annihilation operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}), let Nf\mathcal{N}^f denote the normal ordering operator. For any three elements a,b,ca, b, c in the algebra, the normal ordering of their product abcabc is equal to the normal ordering of the product aNf(b)ca \mathcal{N}^f(b) c. That is: Nf(abc)=Nf(aNf(b)c)\mathcal{N}^f(a b c) = \mathcal{N}^f(a \mathcal{N}^f(b) c)

theorem

Nf(ab)=Nf(aNf(b))\mathcal{N}^f(ab) = \mathcal{N}^f(a \mathcal{N}^f(b))

#normalOrderF_normalOrderF_right

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. In the free algebra of creation and annihilation operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}), the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the following identity for any elements a,bFieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)a, b \in \text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}): Nf(ab)=Nf(aNf(b))\mathcal{N}^f(ab) = \mathcal{N}^f(a \mathcal{N}^f(b))

theorem

Nf(ab)=Nf(Nf(a)b)\mathcal{N}^f(ab) = \mathcal{N}^f(\mathcal{N}^f(a)b)

#normalOrderF_normalOrderF_left

In the free algebra of creation and annihilation operators FieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}), let Nf\mathcal{N}^f denote the normal ordering operator. For any two elements aa and bb in the algebra, the normal ordering of their product abab is equal to the normal ordering of the product of Nf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(a) and bb. That is: Nf(ab)=Nf(Nf(a)b)\mathcal{N}^f(a b) = \mathcal{N}^f(\mathcal{N}^f(a) b)

theorem

Nf(ϕϕs)=ϕNf(ϕs)\mathcal{N}^f(\phi \cdot \phi_s) = \phi \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\phi_s) for creation operator ϕ\phi

#normalOrderF_ofCrAnListF_cons_create

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. Suppose ϕF.CrAnFieldOp\phi \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} is a creation operator (i.e., its label is create\text{create}) and ϕs=[ϕ1,,ϕn]\phi_s = [\phi_1, \dots, \phi_n] is a list of creation and annihilation operators. In the free algebra of field operators F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies: Nf(ϕϕ1ϕn)=ϕNf(ϕ1ϕn)\mathcal{N}^f(\phi \cdot \phi_1 \cdot \dots \cdot \phi_n) = \phi \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\phi_1 \cdot \dots \cdot \phi_n) where the product of the list is defined by the map ofCrAnListF\text{ofCrAnListF}.

theorem

Nf(ϕa)=ϕNf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(\phi \cdot a) = \phi \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a) for creation operator ϕ\phi

#normalOrderF_create_mul

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free associative algebra over C\mathbb{C} generated by the creation and annihilation operator components F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f : \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the linear normal ordering map. For any operator component ϕ\phi that is a creation operator (i.e., its label is create\text{create}) and any element aAFa \in \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}, the normal ordering of their product satisfies: Nf(ϕa)=ϕNf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(\phi \cdot a) = \phi \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a) where ϕ\phi is treated as the corresponding generator in AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}.

theorem

Nf(Φϕ)=Nf(Φ)ϕ\mathcal{N}^f(\Phi \phi) = \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi) \phi for annihilation operator ϕ\phi

#normalOrderF_ofCrAnListF_append_annihilate

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free algebra generated by the creation and annihilation operator components OF\mathcal{O}_{\mathcal{F}}. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f: \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the normal ordering linear map. For any list of operators Φs=[ϕ1,ϕ2,,ϕn]\Phi_s = [\phi_1, \phi_2, \dots, \phi_n] and any operator ϕOF\phi \in \mathcal{O}_{\mathcal{F}} that is an annihilation operator, the normal ordering of their product satisfies: Nf(ϕ1ϕnϕ)=Nf(ϕ1ϕn)ϕ\mathcal{N}^f(\phi_1 \dots \phi_n \phi) = \mathcal{N}^f(\phi_1 \dots \phi_n) \cdot \phi where the product is taken in the algebra AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}.

theorem

Nf(aϕ)=Nf(a)ϕ\mathcal{N}^f(a \phi) = \mathcal{N}^f(a) \phi for annihilation operator ϕ\phi

#normalOrderF_mul_annihilate

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free algebra generated by the creation and annihilation operator components F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f: \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the normal ordering linear map. For any element aAFa \in \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} and any operator component ϕF.CrAnFieldOp\phi \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} that is classified as an annihilation operator, the following identity holds: Nf(aϕ)=Nf(a)ϕ\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \phi) = \mathcal{N}^f(a) \cdot \phi where \cdot denotes the multiplication in the algebra AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}.

theorem

Nf(crPartF(ϕ)a)=crPartF(ϕ)Nf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot a) = \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a)

#normalOrderF_crPartF_mul

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free associative algebra over C\mathbb{C} generated by the creation and annihilation operator components F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f : \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the linear normal ordering map. For any field operator ϕFieldOp(F)\phi \in \text{FieldOp}(\mathcal{F}) and any element aAFa \in \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}, the normal ordering of the product of the creation part of ϕ\phi with aa satisfies: Nf(crPartF(ϕ)a)=crPartF(ϕ)Nf(a)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot a) = \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a) where crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi) is the component of ϕ\phi consisting of creation operators in the algebra AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}.

theorem

Nf(aanPartF(ϕ))=Nf(a)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)) = \mathcal{N}^f(a) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)

#normalOrderF_mul_anPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free algebra generated by the creation and annihilation operator components of the fields. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f : \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the C\mathbb{C}-linear normal ordering operator. For any element aAFa \in \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} and any field operator ϕF.FieldOp\phi \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp}, the following identity holds: Nf(aanPartF(ϕ))=Nf(a)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)) = \mathcal{N}^f(a) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi) where anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) denotes the annihilation component of the field operator ϕ\phi within the algebra.

theorem

Nf(ϕcϕa)=ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)Nf(ϕaϕc)\mathcal{N}^f(\dots \phi_c \phi_a \dots) = \epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) \mathcal{N}^f(\dots \phi_a \phi_c \dots) for products of operators

#normalOrderF_swap_create_annihilate_ofCrAnListF_ofCrAnListF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. Suppose ϕc\phi_c and ϕa\phi_a are creation and annihilation operators in F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} respectively. Let AA and AA' be elements of the free algebra FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F} formed by the products of two lists of operators Φs\Phi_s and Φs\Phi_s'. The normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the following identity: Nf(AϕcϕaA)=ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)Nf(AϕaϕcA)\mathcal{N}^f(A' \cdot \phi_c \cdot \phi_a \cdot A) = \epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(A' \cdot \phi_a \cdot \phi_c \cdot A) where ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)\epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) is the exchange sign (phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of ϕc\phi_c and ϕa\phi_a.

theorem

Nf(PϕcϕaA)=ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)Nf(PϕaϕcA)\mathcal{N}^f(P \cdot \phi_c \phi_a \cdot A) = \epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) \mathcal{N}^f(P \cdot \phi_a \phi_c \cdot A) for a list product PP and algebra element AA

#normalOrderF_swap_create_annihilate_ofCrAnListF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. Suppose ϕcF.CrAnFieldOp\phi_c \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} is a creation operator and ϕaF.CrAnFieldOp\phi_a \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} is an annihilation operator. For any list of operators Φs\Phi_s and any element AA in the free algebra FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies: Nf(ofCrAnListF(Φs)ϕcϕaA)=ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)Nf(ofCrAnListF(Φs)ϕaϕcA)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{ofCrAnListF}(\Phi_s) \cdot \phi_c \cdot \phi_a \cdot A) = \epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\text{ofCrAnListF}(\Phi_s) \cdot \phi_a \cdot \phi_c \cdot A) where ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)\epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) is the exchange sign (phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics of ϕc\phi_c and ϕa\phi_a, and ofCrAnListF(Φs)\text{ofCrAnListF}(\Phi_s) denotes the product of the operators in the list Φs\Phi_s.

theorem

Nf(aϕcϕab)=ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)Nf(aϕaϕcb)\mathcal{N}^f(a \phi_c \phi_a b) = \epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) \mathcal{N}^f(a \phi_a \phi_c b) for creation ϕc\phi_c and annihilation ϕa\phi_a

#normalOrderF_swap_create_annihilate

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and let FieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}) be the free algebra generated by creation and annihilation operators. Suppose ϕc\phi_c is a creation operator and ϕa\phi_a is an annihilation operator. For any elements a,ba, b in the algebra, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the following identity: Nf(aϕcϕab)=ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)Nf(aϕaϕcb)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \phi_c \cdot \phi_a \cdot b) = \epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \phi_a \cdot \phi_c \cdot b) where ϵ(ϕc,ϕa)\epsilon(\phi_c, \phi_a) is the exchange sign (phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the operators ϕc\phi_c and ϕa\phi_a.

theorem

Nf(a[ϕc,ϕa]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\phi_c, \phi_a]_s^F \cdot b) = 0 for creation operator ϕc\phi_c and annihilation operator ϕa\phi_a

#normalOrderF_superCommuteF_create_annihilate

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and FieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}) be the free associative algebra generated by the set of creation and annihilation operator components F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. Let ϕc\phi_c be a creation operator and ϕa\phi_a be an annihilation operator in F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. For any elements a,bFieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)a, b \in \text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}), the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the identity: Nf(a[ϕc,ϕa]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\phi_c, \phi_a]_s^F \cdot b) = 0 where [,]sF[\cdot, \cdot]_s^F denotes the super-commutator in the free algebra.

theorem

Nf(a[ϕa,ϕc]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\phi_a, \phi_c]_s^F \cdot b) = 0 for annihilation operator ϕa\phi_a and creation operator ϕc\phi_c

#normalOrderF_superCommuteF_annihilate_create

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and FieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}) be the free associative algebra over C\mathbb{C} generated by the set of creation and annihilation operator components F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. Let ϕa\phi_a be an annihilation operator and ϕc\phi_c be a creation operator in F.CrAnFieldOp\mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp}. For any elements a,bFieldOpFreeAlgebra(F)a, b \in \text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}(\mathcal{F}), the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the identity: Nf(a[ϕa,ϕc]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\phi_a, \phi_c]_s^F \cdot b) = 0 where [,]sF[\cdot, \cdot]_s^F denotes the super-commutator in the free algebra.

theorem

Nf(acrPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)b)=ϵNf(aanPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ)b)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi') \cdot b) = \epsilon \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi') \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot b)

#normalOrderF_swap_crPartF_anPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. For any field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp} and any elements a,ba, b in the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the following identity when swapping the creation part of ϕ\phi and the annihilation part of ϕ\phi': Nf(acrPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)b)=ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)Nf(aanPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ)b)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi') \cdot b) = \epsilon(\phi, \phi') \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi') \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot b) where crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi) is the creation component of ϕ\phi, anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi') is the annihilation component of ϕ\phi', and ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)\epsilon(\phi, \phi') is the exchange sign (phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the fields ϕ\phi and ϕ\phi'.

theorem

Nf(aanPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ)b)=ϵNf(acrPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)b)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi') \cdot b) = \epsilon \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi') \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot b)

#normalOrderF_swap_anPartF_crPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. For any field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp} and any elements a,ba, b in the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies the following identity when swapping the annihilation part of ϕ\phi and the creation part of ϕ\phi': Nf(aanPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ)b)=ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)Nf(acrPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)b)\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi') \cdot b) = \epsilon(\phi, \phi') \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi') \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot b) where anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) is the annihilation component of ϕ\phi, crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi') is the creation component of ϕ\phi', and ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)\epsilon(\phi, \phi') is the exchange sign (phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the fields ϕ\phi and ϕ\phi'.

theorem

Nf(a[crPartF(ϕ),anPartF(ϕ)]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\text{crPartF}(\phi), \text{anPartF}(\phi')]_s^F \cdot b) = 0

#normalOrderF_superCommuteF_crPartF_anPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. For any field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp} and any elements a,ba, b in the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies: Nf(a[crPartF(ϕ),anPartF(ϕ)]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\text{crPartF}(\phi), \text{anPartF}(\phi')]_s^F \cdot b) = 0 where crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi) is the creation part of the field operator ϕ\phi, anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi') is the annihilation part of the field operator ϕ\phi', and [,]sF[\cdot, \cdot]_s^F denotes the super-commutator.

theorem

Nf(a[anPartF(ϕ),crPartF(ϕ)]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\text{anPartF}(\phi), \text{crPartF}(\phi')]_s^F \cdot b) = 0

#normalOrderF_superCommuteF_anPartF_crPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra} be the free associative algebra over C\mathbb{C} generated by the creation and annihilation components of its field operators. For any field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp} and any elements a,ba, b in the free algebra, the normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies: Nf(a[anPartF(ϕ),crPartF(ϕ)]sFb)=0\mathcal{N}^f(a \cdot [\text{anPartF}(\phi), \text{crPartF}(\phi')]_s^F \cdot b) = 0 where anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) is the annihilation component of ϕ\phi, crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi') is the creation component of ϕ\phi', and [,]sF[\cdot, \cdot]_s^F denotes the super-commutator.

theorem

Nf(crPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ))=crPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi')) = \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi')

#normalOrderF_crPartF_mul_crPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. For any field operators ϕ,ϕFieldOp(F)\phi, \phi' \in \text{FieldOp}(\mathcal{F}), let crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi) and crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi') denote their respective creation components in the free algebra of field operators. The normal ordering operator Nf\mathcal{N}^f satisfies: Nf(crPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ))=crPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi')) = \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi')

theorem

Nf(anPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ))=anPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi')) = \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi')

#normalOrderF_anPartF_mul_anPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and FieldOpFreeAlgebra F\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra } \mathcal{F} be the free algebra generated by the creation and annihilation components of the fields. Let Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the C\mathbb{C}-linear normal ordering operator on this algebra. For any two field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp}, the normal ordering of the product of their annihilation components is equal to the product itself: Nf(anPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ))=anPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi')) = \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi') where anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) denotes the annihilation component of the field operator ϕ\phi.

theorem

Nf(crPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ))=crPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi')) = \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi')

#normalOrderF_crPartF_mul_anPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free associative algebra over C\mathbb{C} generated by the creation and annihilation operator components of the fields. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f : \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the linear normal ordering operator. For any field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp}, the normal ordering of the product of the creation part of ϕ\phi and the annihilation part of ϕ\phi' is equal to the product itself: Nf(crPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ))=crPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi')) = \text{crPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi') where crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi) and anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi') denote the creation and annihilation components of the field operators in the algebra AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}}, respectively.

theorem

Nf(anPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ))=ϵcrPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi')) = \epsilon \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi') \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)

#normalOrderF_anPartF_mul_crPartF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification and AF\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the free associative algebra over C\mathbb{C} generated by the creation and annihilation operator components of the fields. Let Nf:AFAF\mathcal{N}^f : \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} \to \mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{F}} be the linear normal ordering operator. For any field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp}, the normal ordering of the product of the annihilation part of ϕ\phi and the creation part of ϕ\phi' is given by: Nf(anPartF(ϕ)crPartF(ϕ))=ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)(crPartF(ϕ)anPartF(ϕ))\mathcal{N}^f(\text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \text{crPartF}(\phi')) = \epsilon(\phi, \phi') \cdot (\text{crPartF}(\phi') \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)) where anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) and crPartF(ϕ)\text{crPartF}(\phi') denote the annihilation and creation components of the field operators in the algebra, respectively, and ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)\epsilon(\phi, \phi') is the exchange sign (phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the fields ϕ\phi and ϕ\phi'.

theorem

Expansion of the normal ordering Nf(ϕϕ)\mathcal{N}^f(\phi \phi') into creation and annihilation components

#normalOrderF_ofFieldOpF_mul_ofFieldOpF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. For any two field operators ϕ,ϕF.FieldOp\phi, \phi' \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp}, the normal ordering Nf\mathcal{N}^f of their product in the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra} is given by: Nf(ϕϕ)=ϕcrϕcr+ϵ(ϕ,ϕ)(ϕcrϕan)+ϕcrϕan+ϕanϕan\mathcal{N}^f(\phi \cdot \phi') = \phi_{\text{cr}} \phi'_{\text{cr}} + \epsilon(\phi, \phi') \cdot (\phi'_{\text{cr}} \phi_{\text{an}}) + \phi_{\text{cr}} \phi'_{\text{an}} + \phi_{\text{an}} \phi'_{\text{an}} where ϕcr\phi_{\text{cr}} and ϕan\phi_{\text{an}} denote the creation and annihilation components of the field operator ϕ\phi, respectively, and ϵ(ϕ,ϕ){1,1}\epsilon(\phi, \phi') \in \{1, -1\} is the exchange sign (or phase factor) determined by the quantum statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the fields ϕ\phi and ϕ\phi'.

theorem

Normal ordering of a product containing a super-commutator of creation operators [V(ϕc),V(ϕc)]sF[V(\phi_c), V(\phi_{c'})]_s^F

#normalOrderF_superCommuteF_ofCrAnListF_create_create_ofCrAnListF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. Let ϕc,ϕcF.CrAnFieldOp\phi_c, \phi_{c'} \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} be two creation operators (i.e., Fcϕc=create\mathcal{F} \rhd^c \phi_c = \text{create} and Fcϕc=create\mathcal{F} \rhd^c \phi_{c'} = \text{create}), and let ϕs\phi_s and ϕs\phi_{s'} be lists of creation and annihilation operators. In the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the normal ordering Nf\mathcal{N}^f of a product containing the super-commutator [V(ϕc),V(ϕc)]sF[V(\phi_c), V(\phi_{c'})]_s^F is given by: Nf(V(ϕs)[V(ϕc),V(ϕc)]sFV(ϕs))=η(V(createFilter(ϕs))[V(ϕc),V(ϕc)]sFV(createFilter(ϕs))V(annihilateFilter(ϕs+ ⁣+ϕs))) \mathcal{N}^f(V(\phi_s) \cdot [V(\phi_c), V(\phi_{c'})]_s^F \cdot V(\phi_{s'})) = \eta \cdot \left( V(\text{createFilter}(\phi_s)) \cdot [V(\phi_c), V(\phi_{c'})]_s^F \cdot V(\text{createFilter}(\phi_{s'})) \cdot V(\text{annihilateFilter}(\phi_s \mathbin{+\!+} \phi_{s'})) \right) where V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) denotes the product of operators in list ϕs\phi_s, [,]sF[ \cdot, \cdot ]_s^F is the super-commutator, and η=normalOrderSign(ϕs+ ⁣+[ϕc,ϕc]+ ⁣+ϕs)\eta = \text{normalOrderSign}(\phi_s \mathbin{+\!+} [\phi_{c'}, \phi_c] \mathbin{+\!+} \phi_{s'}) is the phase factor associated with the permutation required to normal-order the list of operators where ϕc\phi_c and ϕc\phi_{c'} are adjacent and in reversed order. The functions createFilter\text{createFilter} and annihilateFilter\text{annihilateFilter} extract sublists containing only creation or annihilation operators, respectively.

theorem

Normal ordering of a product containing a super-commutator of two annihilation operators

#normalOrderF_superCommuteF_ofCrAnListF_annihilate_annihilate_ofCrAnListF

Let F\mathcal{F} be a field specification. Let ϕa,ϕaF.CrAnFieldOp\phi_a, \phi_{a'} \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} be two operators whose labels are both annihilate\text{annihilate}, and let Φs,Φs\Phi_s, \Phi_s' be two lists of creation and annihilation operator components. In the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the normal ordering of the product of V(Φs)V(\Phi_s), the super-commutator of ϕa\phi_a and ϕa\phi_{a'}, and V(Φs)V(\Phi_s') is given by: Nf(V(Φs)[ϕa,ϕa]sFV(Φs))=η(V(createFilter(Φs+ ⁣+Φs))V(annihilateFilter(Φs))[ϕa,ϕa]sFV(annihilateFilter(Φs))) \mathcal{N}^f(V(\Phi_s) \cdot [\phi_a, \phi_{a'}]_s^F \cdot V(\Phi_s')) = \eta \cdot \left( V(\text{createFilter}(\Phi_s \mathbin{+\!+} \Phi_s')) \cdot V(\text{annihilateFilter}(\Phi_s)) \cdot [\phi_a, \phi_{a'}]_s^F \cdot V(\text{annihilateFilter}(\Phi_s')) \right) where Nf\mathcal{N}^f is the normal ordering operator, V(Φ)V(\Phi) denotes the product of operators in the list Φ\Phi, [,]sF[\cdot, \cdot]_s^F is the super-commutator, and η=normalOrderSign(Φs+ ⁣+[ϕa,ϕa]+ ⁣+Φs)\eta = \text{normalOrderSign}(\Phi_s \mathbin{+\!+} [\phi_{a'}, \phi_a] \mathbin{+\!+} \Phi_s') is the phase factor associated with the permutation required to reach a normal-ordered arrangement.

theorem

Expansion of the super-commutator [V(ϕs),Nf(V(ϕs))]sF[V(\phi_s), \mathcal{N}^f(V(\phi_s'))]_s^F

#ofCrAnListF_superCommuteF_normalOrderF_ofCrAnListF

For a given field specification F\mathcal{F}, let ϕs\phi_s and ϕs\phi_s' be lists of creation and annihilation operators. Let V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) denote the product of operators in ϕs\phi_s, and let Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the normal ordering operator. The super-commutator of V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) and the normal-ordered product Nf(V(ϕs))\mathcal{N}^f(V(\phi_s')) in the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra} is given by: [V(ϕs),Nf(V(ϕs))]sF=V(ϕs)Nf(V(ϕs))S(σ(ϕs),σ(ϕs))Nf(V(ϕs))V(ϕs) [V(\phi_s), \mathcal{N}^f(V(\phi_s'))]_s^F = V(\phi_s) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(V(\phi_s')) - \mathcal{S}(\sigma(\phi_s), \sigma(\phi_s')) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(V(\phi_s')) \cdot V(\phi_s) where σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s) and σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s') are the collective statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the lists ϕs\phi_s and ϕs\phi_s' respectively, and S(σ1,σ2)\mathcal{S}(\sigma_1, \sigma_2) is the sign factor equal to 1-1 if both σ1\sigma_1 and σ2\sigma_2 are fermionic, and 11 otherwise.

theorem

Expansion of the super-commutator [V(ϕs),Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sF[V(\phi_s), \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F

#ofCrAnListF_superCommuteF_normalOrderF_ofFieldOpListF

For a given field specification F\mathcal{F}, let ϕs\phi_s be a list of creation and annihilation operators and let ϕs\phi_s' be a list of field operators. Let V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) denote the product of operators in ϕs\phi_s (via `ofCrAnListF`), and let Φ(ϕs)\Phi(\phi_s') denote the product of field operators in ϕs\phi_s' (via `ofFieldOpListF`). Let Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the normal ordering operator. The super-commutator of V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) and the normal-ordered product Nf(Φ(ϕs))\mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) in the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra} is given by: [V(ϕs),Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sF=V(ϕs)Nf(Φ(ϕs))S(σ(ϕs),σ(ϕs))Nf(Φ(ϕs))V(ϕs) [V(\phi_s), \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F = V(\phi_s) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) - \mathcal{S}(\sigma(\phi_s), \sigma(\phi_s')) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) \cdot V(\phi_s) where σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s) and σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s') are the collective statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the lists ϕs\phi_s and ϕs\phi_s' respectively, and S(σ1,σ2)\mathcal{S}(\sigma_1, \sigma_2) is the sign factor equal to 1-1 if both σ1\sigma_1 and σ2\sigma_2 are fermionic, and 11 otherwise.

theorem

V(ϕs)Nf(Φ(ϕs))=SNf(Φ(ϕs))V(ϕs)+[V(ϕs),Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sFV(\phi_s) \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) = \mathcal{S} \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) V(\phi_s) + [V(\phi_s), \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F

#ofCrAnListF_mul_normalOrderF_ofFieldOpListF_eq_superCommuteF

For a given field specification F\mathcal{F}, let ϕs\phi_s be a list of creation and annihilation operators and ϕs\phi_s' be a list of field operators. Let V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) denote the product of operators in ϕs\phi_s (via `ofCrAnListF`), Φ(ϕs)\Phi(\phi_s') denote the product of field operators in ϕs\phi_s' (via `ofFieldOpListF`), and Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the normal ordering operator. In the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the product of V(ϕs)V(\phi_s) and the normal-ordered product Nf(Φ(ϕs))\mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) satisfies the identity: V(ϕs)Nf(Φ(ϕs))=S(σ(ϕs),σ(ϕs))Nf(Φ(ϕs))V(ϕs)+[V(ϕs),Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sF V(\phi_s) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) = \mathcal{S}(\sigma(\phi_s), \sigma(\phi_s')) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) \cdot V(\phi_s) + [V(\phi_s), \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F where σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s) and σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s') are the collective statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of the respective lists, S\mathcal{S} is the statistical sign factor (11 unless both arguments are fermionic), and [,]sF[ \cdot, \cdot ]_s^F denotes the super-commutator.

theorem

φNf(Φ(ϕs))=SNf(Φ(ϕs))φ+[φ,Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sF\varphi \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) = \mathcal{S} \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) \cdot \varphi + [\varphi, \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F

#ofCrAnOpF_mul_normalOrderF_ofFieldOpListF_eq_superCommuteF

For a given field specification F\mathcal{F}, let φF.CrAnFieldOp\varphi \in \mathcal{F}.\text{CrAnFieldOp} be a creation or annihilation operator and ϕs\phi_s' be a list of field operators. Let Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the normal ordering operator and Φ(ϕs)\Phi(\phi_s') be the product of field operators in the list ϕs\phi_s'. In the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the product of φ\varphi and the normal-ordered product Nf(Φ(ϕs))\mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) satisfies the identity: φNf(Φ(ϕs))=S(σ(φ),σ(ϕs))Nf(Φ(ϕs))φ+[φ,Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sF \varphi \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) = \mathcal{S}(\sigma(\varphi), \sigma(\phi_s')) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) \cdot \varphi + [\varphi, \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F where σ(φ)\sigma(\varphi) and σ(ϕs)\sigma(\phi_s') are the statistics (bosonic or fermionic) of φ\varphi and the list ϕs\phi_s' respectively, S(σ1,σ2)\mathcal{S}(\sigma_1, \sigma_2) is the sign factor (11 unless both arguments are fermionic), and [,]sF[ \cdot, \cdot ]_s^F denotes the super-commutator.

theorem

anPartF(ϕ)Nf(Φ)=SNf(ΦanPartF(ϕ))+[anPartF(ϕ),Nf(Φ)]sF\text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi) = \mathcal{S} \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)) + [\text{anPartF}(\phi), \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi)]_s^F

#anPartF_mul_normalOrderF_ofFieldOpListF_eq_superCommuteF

For a given field specification F\mathcal{F}, let ϕF.FieldOp\phi \in \mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOp} be a field operator and ϕs\phi_s' be a list of field operators. Let anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) be the annihilation part of ϕ\phi and Nf\mathcal{N}^f be the normal ordering operator. In the free algebra F.FieldOpFreeAlgebra\mathcal{F}.\text{FieldOpFreeAlgebra}, the product of anPartF(ϕ)\text{anPartF}(\phi) and the normal-ordered product of the fields in ϕs\phi_s' satisfies the identity: anPartF(ϕ)Nf(Φ(ϕs))=S(σ(ϕ),σ(ϕs))Nf(Φ(ϕs)anPartF(ϕ))+[anPartF(ϕ),Nf(Φ(ϕs))]sF \text{anPartF}(\phi) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s')) = \mathcal{S}(\sigma(\phi), \sigma(\phi_s')) \cdot \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s') \cdot \text{anPartF}(\phi)) + [\text{anPartF}(\phi), \mathcal{N}^f(\Phi(\phi_s'))]_s^F where Φ(ϕs)\Phi(\phi_s') is the algebraic product of the operators in ϕs\phi_s', σ()\sigma(\cdot) denotes the field statistic (bosonic or fermionic), S\mathcal{S} is the statistical sign factor (11 unless both arguments are fermionic), and [,]sF[ \cdot, \cdot ]_s^F is the super-commutator.