Physlib

Physlib.Electromagnetism.Kinematics.VectorPotential

The vector Potential

i. Overview

The electromagnetic potential is given by `A = (1/c φ, \vec A)` where `φ` is the scalar potential and `\vec A` is the vector potential.

In this module we define the vector potential, and prove lemmas about it.

Since `A` is relativistic it is a function of `SpaceTime d`, whilst the vector potential is non-relativistic and is therefore a function of `Time` and `Space d`.

ii. Key results

- `ElectromagneticPotential.vectorPotential` : The vector potential from an electromagnetic potential. - `DistElectromagneticPotential.vectorPotential` : The vector potential from an electromagnetic potential which is a distribution.

iii. Table of contents

  • A. Definition of the Vector Potential
  • B. Smoothness of the vector potential
  • C. Differentiablity of the vector potential
  • D. Vector potential for distributions

iv. References

A. Definition of the Vector Potential

B. Smoothness of the vector potential

We prove various lemmas about the smoothness of the vector potential from the smoothness of the electromagnetic potential.

C. Differentiablity of the vector potential

We prove various lemmas about the differentiablity of the vector potential from the differentiablity of the electromagnetic potential.

D. Vector potential for distributions

10 declarations

theorem

If AA is CnC^n, then its vector potential A\vec{A} is CnC^n

For any spatial dimension dd and speed of light cc, if the electromagnetic potential AA is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n) over R\mathbb{R}, then the uncurried vector potential function (t,x)A(t,x)(t, \vec{x}) \mapsto \vec{A}(t, \vec{x}) is also nn-times continuously differentiable.

theorem

If AA is CC^\infty, then its vector potential A\vec{A} is CnC^n

For any spatial dimension dd and speed of light cc, if the electromagnetic potential AA is infinitely differentiable (CC^\infty) over R\mathbb{R}, then for any natural number nn, the uncurried vector potential function (t,x)A(t,x)(t, \vec{x}) \mapsto \vec{A}(t, \vec{x}) is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n).

theorem

Components of A\vec{A} are CnC^n if AA is CnC^n

For any spatial dimension dd, speed of light cc, and differentiability class nn, if the electromagnetic potential AA is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n) over R\mathbb{R}, then for each coordinate index i{0,,d1}i \in \{0, \dots, d-1\}, the ii-th component of the vector potential function (t,x)A(t,x)i(t, \vec{x}) \mapsto \vec{A}(t, \vec{x})_i is also nn-times continuously differentiable.

theorem

The ii-th component of the vector potential A\vec{A} is CnC^n if AA is CnC^n

For any spatial dimension dd, speed of light cc, and differentiability class nn, if the electromagnetic potential AA is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n) over R\mathbb{R}, then for any spatial index i{0,,d1}i \in \{0, \dots, d-1\}, the ii-th component of the vector potential, defined by the uncurried function (t,x)Ai(t,x)(t, \vec{x}) \mapsto \vec{A}_i(t, \vec{x}), is also nn-times continuously differentiable.

theorem

If AA is CnC^n, then its vector potential A\vec{A} is CnC^n as a function of space.

For any spatial dimension dd, speed of light cc, and nN{}n \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, let AA be an electromagnetic potential. If AA is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n) over spacetime, then for any fixed time tt, the vector potential function xA(t,x)\vec{x} \mapsto \vec{A}(t, \vec{x}) is also nn-times continuously differentiable over the spatial domain.

theorem

If AA is CnC^n, then the ii-th component of its vector potential Ai\vec{A}_i is CnC^n with respect to space

For any spatial dimension dd, speed of light cc, and nN{}n \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\}, let AA be an electromagnetic potential. If AA is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n) over spacetime, then for any fixed time tt and any spatial index i{0,,d1}i \in \{0, \dots, d-1\}, the function mapping a spatial position xx to the ii-th component of the vector potential, xAi(t,x)x \mapsto \vec{A}_i(t, x), is also nn-times continuously differentiable over the spatial domain.

theorem

If AA is CnC^n, then its vector potential A\vec{A} is CnC^n with respect to time

For any spatial dimension dd and speed of light cc, let AA be an electromagnetic potential. If AA is nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n), then for any fixed spatial position xSpace d\vec{x} \in \text{Space } d, the function mapping time tt to the vector potential A(t,x)\vec{A}(t, \vec{x}) is also nn-times continuously differentiable (CnC^n).

theorem

Differentiability of AA implies differentiability of the vector potential A\mathbf{A}

For any spatial dimension dd and speed of light cc, let AA be an electromagnetic potential (the four-potential). If AA is differentiable, then the associated vector potential A\mathbf{A}, viewed as a function of both time and space (Time×Space d)(\text{Time} \times \text{Space } d), is also differentiable.

theorem

Differentiability of AA implies differentiability of the vector potential A\mathbf{A} with respect to time

For any spatial dimension dd and speed of light cc, let AA be an electromagnetic potential (the four-potential). If AA is differentiable, then for any fixed point xx in space, the associated vector potential A\mathbf{A}, viewed as a function of time tA(t,x)t \mapsto \mathbf{A}(t, x), is also differentiable.

definition

Vector potential A\mathbf{A} of a distributional electromagnetic potential AA

For a given spatial dimension dd and speed of light cc, this linear map (over R\mathbb{R}) extracts the vector potential component A\mathbf{A} from a distributional electromagnetic 4-potential AA. Given a distributional 4-potential AA, the resulting vector potential is a distribution defined over space-time (Time×Space d\text{Time} \times \text{Space } d) with values in the dd-dimensional Euclidean space Rd\mathbb{R}^d.